Reverse Code Engineering RCE CD +sandman 2000

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Assembly Source File | 1996-02-03 | 25.1 KB | 1,093 lines

; Project #2, Chapter five ; ; AMAZE.ASM ; ; A maze generation/solution program. ; ; This program generates an 80x25 maze and directly draws the maze on the ; video display. ; ; You need to supply some code to access the 80x25 cells of the maze on the ; video display. For full details on how this program works, see the chapter ; on processes in the textbook. Warning! This program is relatively complex. ; Don't try to understand how it works if you're working on this after ; just reading chapter five ; ; When this program runs it will generate a maze and then pause until you ; print a key. Then it will solve the maze and stop on the next keypress. ; ; This version will only work on a color display. cseg segment para public 'code' assume cs:cseg, ds:dseg ; MazeAdrs computes the index into the maze array. ; Maze is a 27x82 array of words (maze:array[0..26,0..81] of word). ; The following procedure needs to compute the index into this array ; and return that index in the AX register. On input, dx contains ; the X coordinate (0..81) and cx contains the Y coordinate (0..26). ; Each element of the array is a word. ; MazeAdrs textequ <call DoMazeAdrs> DoMazeAdrs proc push bx push cx push dx mov cl, dh mov dh, 0 mov ch, 0 xchg cx, dx ; Do your computations here: ; Complete your computations by this point. pop dx pop cx pop bx ret DoMazeAdrs endp ; The following procedure needs to be just like the code above ; except the matrix it computes the index for is a 25x80 matrix, ; not a 27x82 matrix. Once again, the X coordinate (0..79) is in ; CX and the Y coordinate (0..24) is in DX. Use row major ordering. ; You may use the AX, BX, CX, and DX registers. Return the index ; in the AX register. ScrnAdrs textequ <call DoScrnAdrs> DoScrnAdrs proc push bx push cx push dx mov cl, dh mov ch, 0 mov dh, 0 dec dx dec cx xchg cx, dx ; Do your computations here. ; Complete your computations by this point. pop dx pop cx pop bx ret DoScrnAdrs endp cseg ends ; ***** Don't mess with anything beyond this point !!! ******** .xlist include stdlib.a includelib stdlib.lib .list byp textequ <byte ptr> dseg segment para public 'data' ; Constants: ; ; Define the "ToScreen" symbol (to any value) if the maze is 80x25 and you ; want to display it on the video screen. ToScreen equ 0 ; Maximum X and Y coordinates for the maze (matching the display). MaxXCoord equ 80 MaxYCoord equ 25 ; Useful X,Y constants: WordsPerRow = MaxXCoord+2 BytesPerRow = WordsPerRow*2 StartX equ 1 ;Starting X coordinate for maze StartY equ 3 ;Starting Y coordinate for maze EndX equ MaxXCoord ;Ending X coordinate for maze EndY equ MaxYCoord-1 ;Ending Y coordinate for maze EndLoc = ( (EndY-1)*MaxXCoord + EndX-1)*2 StartLoc = ( (StartY-1)*MaxXCoord + StartX-1)*2 ; Special 16-bit PC character codes for the screen for symbols drawn during ; maze generation. See the chapter on the video display for details. ifdef mono ;Mono display adapter. WallChar equ 7dbh ;Solid block character NoWallChar equ 720h ;space VisitChar equ 72eh ;Period PathChar equ 72ah ;Asterisk else ;Color display adapter. WallChar equ 1dbh ;Solid block character NoWallChar equ 0edbh ;space VisitChar equ 0bdbh ;Period PathChar equ 4e2ah ;Asterisk endif ; The following are the constants that may appear in the Maze array: Wall = 0 NoWall = 1 Visited = 2 ; The following are the directions the demons can go in the maze North = 0 South = 1 East = 2 West = 3 ; Some important variables: ; The Maze array must contain an extra row and column around the ; outside edges for our algorithm to work properly. Maze word (MaxYCoord+2) dup ((MaxXCoord+2) dup (Wall)) ; PCB for the main program. The last live demon will call this guy when ; it dies. MainPCB pcb {} ; List of up to 32 demons. MaxDemons = 32 ;Must be a power of two. ModDemons = MaxDemons-1 ;Mask for MOD computation. DemonList pcb MaxDemons dup ({}) DemonIndex byte 0 ;Index into demon list. DemonCnt byte 0 ;Number of demons in list. ; Random number generator seed (we'll use our random number generator ; rather than the standard library's because we want to be able to specify ; an initial seed value). Seed word 0 dseg ends ; The following is the segment address of the video display, change this ; from 0B800h to 0B000h if you have a monochrome display rather than a ; color display. ScreenSeg segment at 0b800h Screen equ this word ;Don't generate in date here! ScreenSeg ends cseg segment para public 'code' assume cs:cseg, ds:dseg ; Totally bogus random number generator, but we don't need a really ; great one for this program. This code uses its own random number ; generator rather than the one in the Standard Library so we can ; allow the user to use a fixed seed to produce the same maze (with ; the same seed) or different mazes (by choosing different seeds). RandNum proc near push cx mov cl, byte ptr Seed and cl, 7 add cl, 4 mov ax, Seed xor ax, 55aah rol ax, cl xor ax, Seed inc ax mov Seed, ax pop cx ret RandNum endp ; Init- Handles all the initialization chores for the main program. ; In particular, it initializes the coroutine package, gets a ; random number seed from the user, and initializes the video display. Init proc near print byte "Enter a small integer for a random number seed:",0 getsm atoi free mov Seed, ax ; Fill the interior of the maze with wall characters, fill the outside ; two rows and columns with nowall values. This will prevent the demons ; from wandering outside the maze. ; Fill the first row with Visited values. cld mov cx, WordsPerRow lesi Maze mov ax, Visited rep stosw ; Fill the last row with NoWall values. mov cx, WordsPerRow lea di, Maze+(MaxYCoord+1)*BytesPerRow rep stosw ; Write a NoWall value to the starting position: mov Maze+(StartY*WordsPerRow+StartX)*2, NoWall ; Write NoWall values along the two vertical edges of the maze. lesi Maze mov cx, MaxYCoord+1 EdgesLoop: mov es:[di], ax ;Plug the left edge. mov es:[di+BytesPerRow-2], ax ;Plug the right edge. add di, BytesPerRow loop EdgesLoop ifdef ToScreen ; Okay, fill the screen with WallChar values: lesi Screen mov ax, WallChar mov cx, 2000 rep stosw ; Write appropriate characters to the starting and ending locations: mov word ptr es:Screen+EndLoc, PathChar mov word ptr es:Screen+StartLoc, NoWallChar endif ;ToScreen ; Zero out the DemonList: mov cx, (size pcb)*MaxDemons lea di, DemonList mov ax, dseg mov es, ax xor ax, ax rep stosb ret Init endp ; CanStart- This function checks around the current position ; to see if the maze generator can start digging a new tunnel ; in a direction perpendicular to the current tunnel. You can ; only start a new tunnel if there are wall characters for at ; least two positions in the desired direction: ; ; ## ; *## ; ## ; ; If "*" is current position and "#" represent wall characters ; and the current direction is north or south, then it is okay ; for the maze generator to start a new path in the east dir- ; ection. Assuming "." represents a tunnel, you cannot start ; a new tunnel in the east direction if any of the following ; patterns occur: ; ; .# #. ## ## ## ## ; *## *## *.# *#. *## *## ; ## ## ## ## .# #. ; ; CanStart returns true (carry set) if we can start a new tunnel off the ; path being dug by the current demon. ; ; On entry, dl is demon's X-Coordinate ; dh is demon's Y-Coordinate ; cl is demon's direction CanStart proc near push ax push bx MazeAdrs ;Compute index to demon(x,y) in maze. mov bx, ax ; CL contains the current direction, 0=north, 1=south, 2=east, 3=west. ; Note that we can test bit #1 for north/south (0) or east/west (1). test cl, 10b ;See if north/south or east/west jz NorthSouth ; If the demon is going in an east or west direction, we can start a new ; tunnel if there are six wall blocks just above or below the current demon. ; Note: We are checking if all values in these six blocks are Wall values. ; This code depends on the fact that Wall characters are zero and the sum ; of these six blocks will be zero if a move is possible. mov al, byp Maze[bx+BytesPerRow*2] ;Maze[x, y+2] add al, byp Maze[bx+BytesPerRow*2+2] ;Maze[x+1,y+2] add al, byp Maze[bx+BytesPerRow*2-2] ;Maze[x-1,y+2] je ReturnTrue mov al, byp Maze[bx-BytesPerRow*2] ;Maze[x, y-2] add al, byp Maze[bx-BytesPerRow*2+2] ;Maze[x+1,y-2] add al, byp Maze[bx-BytesPerRow*2-2] ;Maze[x-1,y-2] je ReturnTrue ReturnFalse: clc ;Clear carry = false. pop bx pop ax ret ; If the demon is going in a north or south direction, we can start a ; new tunnel if there are six wall blocks just to the left or right ; of the current demon. NorthSouth: mov al, byp Maze[bx+4] ;Maze[x+2,y] add al, byp Maze[bx+BytesPerRow+4] ;Maze[x+2,y+1] add al, byp Maze[bx-BytesPerRow+4] ;Maze[x+2,y-1] je ReturnTrue mov al, byp Maze[bx-4] ;Maze[x-2,y] add al, byp Maze[bx+BytesPerRow-4] ;Maze[x-2,y+1] add al, byp Maze[bx-BytesPerRow-4] ;Maze[x-2,y-1] jne ReturnFalse ReturnTrue: stc ;Set carry = true. pop bx pop ax ret CanStart endp ; CanMove- Tests to see if the current demon (dir=cl, x=dl, y=dh) can ; move in the specified direction. Movement is possible if ; the demon will not come within one square of another tunnel. ; This function returns true (carry set) if a move is possible. ; On entry, CH contains the direction this code should test. CanMove proc push ax push bx MazeAdrs ;Put @Maze[x,y] into ax. mov bx, ax cmp ch, South jb IsNorth je IsSouth cmp ch, East je IsEast ; If the demon is moving west, check the blocks in the rectangle formed ; by Maze[x-2,y-1] to Maze[x-1,y+1] to make sure they are all wall values. mov al, byp Maze[bx-BytesPerRow-4] ;Maze[x-2, y-1] add al, byp Maze[bx-BytesPerRow-2] ;Maze[x-1, y-1] add al, byp Maze[bx-4] ;Maze[x-2, y] add al, byp Maze[bx-2] ;Maze[x-1, y] add al, byp Maze[bx+BytesPerRow-4] ;Maze[x-2, y+1] add al, byp Maze[bx+BytesPerRow-2] ;Maze[x-1, y+1] je ReturnTrue ReturnFalse: clc pop bx pop ax ret ; If the demon is going east, check the blocks in the rectangle formed ; by Maze[x+1,y-1] to Maze[x+2,y+1] to make sure they are all wall values. IsEast: mov al, byp Maze[bx-BytesPerRow+4] ;Maze[x+2, y-1] add al, byp Maze[bx-BytesPerRow+2] ;Maze[x+1, y-1] add al, byp Maze[bx+4] ;Maze[x+2, y] add al, byp Maze[bx+2] ;Maze[x+1, y] add al, byp Maze[bx+BytesPerRow+4] ;Maze[x+2, y+1] add al, byp Maze[bx+BytesPerRow+2] ;Maze[x+1, y+1] jne ReturnFalse ReturnTrue: stc pop bx pop ax ret ; If the demon is going north, check the blocks in the rectangle formed ; by Maze[x-1,y-2] to Maze[x+1,y-1] to make sure they are all wall values. IsNorth: mov al, byp Maze[bx-BytesPerRow-2] ;Maze[x-1, y-1] add al, byp Maze[bx-BytesPerRow*2-2];Maze[x-1, y-2] add al, byp Maze[bx-BytesPerRow] ;Maze[x, y-1] add al, byp Maze[bx-BytesPerRow*2] ;Maze[x, y-2] add al, byp Maze[bx-BytesPerRow+2] ;Maze[x+1, y-1] add al, byp Maze[bx-BytesPerRow*2+2];Maze[x+1, y-2] jne ReturnFalse stc pop bx pop ax ret ; If the demon is going south, check the blocks in the rectangle formed ; by Maze[x-1,y+2] to Maze[x+1,y+1] to make sure they are all wall values. IsSouth: mov al, byp Maze[bx+BytesPerRow-2] ;Maze[x-1, y+1] add al, byp Maze[bx+BytesPerRow*2-2];Maze[x-1, y+2] add al, byp Maze[bx+BytesPerRow] ;Maze[x, y+1] add al, byp Maze[bx+BytesPerRow*2] ;Maze[x, y+2] add al, byp Maze[bx+BytesPerRow+2] ;Maze[x+1, y+1] add al, byp Maze[bx+BytesPerRow*2+2];Maze[x+1, y+2] jne ReturnFalse stc pop bx pop ax ret CanMove endp ; SetDir- Changes the current direction. The maze digging algorithm has ; decided to change the direction of the tunnel begin dug by one ; of the demons. This code checks to see if we CAN change the direction, ; and picks a new direction if possible. ; ; If the demon is going north or south, a direction change causes the demon ; to go east or west. Likewise, if the demon is going east or west, a ; direction change forces it to go north or south. If the demon cannot ; change directions (because it cannot move in the new direction for one ; reason or another), SetDir returns without doing anything. If a direction ; change is possible, then SetDir selects a new direction. If there is only ; one possible new direction, the demon is sent off in that direction. ; If the demon could move off in one of two different directions, SetDir ; "flips a coin" to choose one of the two new directions. ; ; This function returns the new direction in al. SetDir proc near test cl, 10b ;See if north/south je IsNS ; or east/west direction. ; We're going east or west. If we can move EITHER north or south from ; this point, randomly choose one of the directions. If we can only ; move one way or the other, choose that direction. If we can't go either ; way, return without changing the direction. mov ch, North ;See if we can move north call CanMove jnc NotNorth mov ch, South ;See if we can move south call CanMove jnc DoNorth call RandNum ;Get a random direction and ax, 1 ;Make it north or south. ret DoNorth: mov ax, North ret NotNorth: mov ch, South call CanMove jnc TryReverse DoSouth: mov ax, South ret ; If the demon is moving north or south, choose a new direction of east ; or west, if possible. IsNS: mov ch, East ;See if we can move East call CanMove jnc NotEast mov ch, West ;See if we can move West call CanMove jnc DoEast call RandNum ;Get a random direction and ax, 1b ;Make it East or West or al, 10b ret DoEast: mov ax, East ret DoWest: mov ax, West ret NotEast: mov ch, West call CanMove jc DoWest ; Gee, we can't switch to a perpendicular direction, see if we can ; turn around. TryReverse: mov ch, cl xor ch, 1 call CanMove jc ReverseDir ; If we can't turn around (likely), then keep going in the same direction. mov ah, 0 mov al, cl ;Stay in same direction. ret ; Otherwise reverse direction down here. ReverseDir: mov ah, 0 mov al, cl xor al, 1 ret SetDir endp ; Stuck- This function checks to see if a demon is stuck and cannot ; move in any direction. It returns true if the demon is ; stuck and needs to be killed. Stuck proc near mov ch, North call CanMove jc NotStuck mov ch, South call CanMove jc NotStuck mov ch, East call CanMove jc NotStuck mov ch, West call CanMove NotStuck: ret Stuck endp ; NextDemon- Searches through the demon list to find the next available ; active demon. Return a pointer to this guy in es:di. NextDemon proc near push ax NDLoop: inc DemonIndex ;Move on to next demon, and DemonIndex, ModDemons ; MOD MaxDemons. mov al, size pcb ;Compute index into mul DemonIndex ; DemonList. mov di, ax ;See if the demon at this add di, offset DemonList ; offset is active. cmp byp [di].pcb.NextProc, 0 je NDLoop mov ax, ds mov es, ax pop ax ret NextDemon endp ; Dig- This is the demon process. ; It moves the demon one position (if possible) in its current ; direction. After moving one position forward, there is ; a 25% chance that this guy will change its direction; there ; is a 25% chance this demon will spawn a child process to ; dig off in a perpendicular direction. Dig proc near ; See if the current demon is stuck. If the demon is stuck, then we've ; go to remove it from the demon list. If it is not stuck, then have it ; continue digging. If it is stuck and this is the last active demon, ; then return control to the main program. call Stuck jc NotStuck ; Okay, kill the current demon. ; Note: this will never kill the last demon because we have the timer ; process running. The timer process is the one that always stops ; the program. dec DemonCnt ; Since the count is not zero, there must be more demons in the demon ; list. Free the stack space associated with the current demon and ; then search out the next active demon and have at it. MoreDemons: mov al, size pcb mul DemonIndex mov bx, ax ; Free the stack space associated with this process. Note this code is ; naughty. It assumes the stack is allocated with the Standard Library ; malloc routine that always produces a base address of 8. mov es, DemonList[bx].regss mov di, 8 ;Cheating! free ; Mark the demon entry for this guy as unused. mov byp DemonList[bx].NextProc, 0 ;Mark as unused. ; Okay, locate the next active demon in the list. FndNxtDmn: call NextDemon cocall ;Never returns ; If the demon is not stuck, then continue digging away. NotStuck: mov ch, cl call CanMove jnc DontMove ; If we can move, then adjust the demon's coordinates appropriately: cmp cl, South jb MoveNorth je MoveSouth cmp cl, East jne MoveWest ; Moving East: inc dl jmp MoveDone MoveWest: dec dl jmp MoveDone MoveNorth: dec dh jmp MoveDone MoveSouth: inc dh ; Okay, store a NoWall value at this entry in the maze and output a NoWall ; character to the screen (if writing data to the screen). MoveDone: MazeAdrs mov bx, ax mov Maze[bx], NoWall ifdef ToScreen ScrnAdrs mov bx, ax push es mov ax, ScreenSeg mov es, ax mov word ptr es:[bx], NoWallChar pop es endif ; Before leaving, see if this demon shouldn't change direction. DontMove: call RandNum and al, 11b ;25% chance result is zero. jne NoChangeDir call SetDir mov cl, al NoChangeDir: ; Also, see if this demon should spawn a child process call RandNum and al, 11b ;Give it a 25% chance. jne NoSpawn ; Okay, see if it's possible to spawn a new process at this point: call CanStart jnc NoSpawn ; See if we've already got MaxDemons active: cmp DemonCnt, MaxDemons jae NoSpawn inc DemonCnt ;Add another demon. ; Okay, create a new demon and add him to the list. push dx ;Save cur demon info. push cx ; Locate a free slot for this demon lea si, DemonList- size pcb FindSlot: add si, size pcb cmp byp [si].pcb.NextProc, 0 jne FindSlot ; Allocate some stack space for the new demon. mov cx, 256 ;256 byte stack. malloc ; Set up the stack pointer for this guy: add di, 248 ;Point stack at end. mov [si].pcb.regss, es mov [si].pcb.regsp, di ; Set up the execution address for this guy: mov [si].pcb.regcs, cs mov [si].pcb.regip, offset Dig ; Initial coordinates and direction for this guy: mov [si].pcb.regdx, dx ; Select a direction for this guy. pop cx ;Retrieve direction. push cx call SetDir mov ah, 0 mov [si].pcb.regcx, ax ; Set up other misc junk: mov [si].pcb.regds, seg dseg sti pushf pop [si].pcb.regflags mov byp [si].pcb.NextProc, 1 ;Mark active. ; Restore current process' parameters pop cx ;Restore current demon. pop dx NoSpawn: ; Okay, with all of the above done, it's time to pass control on to a new ; digger. The following cocall passes control to the next digger in the ; DemonList. GetNextDmn: call NextDemon ; Okay, we've got a pointer to the next demon in the list (might be the ; same demon if there's only one), pass control to that demon. cocall jmp Dig Dig endp ; TimerDemon- This demon introduces a 1/18th second delay between ; each cycle in the demon list. This slows down the ; maze generation so you can see the maze being built ; (which makes the program more interesting to watch). TimerDemon proc near push es push ax mov ax, 40h ;BIOS variable area mov es, ax mov ax, es:[6Ch] ;BIOS timer location Wait4Change: cmp ax, es:[6Ch] ;BIOS changes this every je Wait4Change ; 1/18th second. cmp DemonCnt, 1 je QuitProgram pop es pop ax call NextDemon cocall jmp TimerDemon QuitProgram: cocall MainPCB ;Quit the program TimerDemon endp ; What good is a maze generator program if it cannot solve the mazes it ; creates? SolveMaze finds the solution (if any) for this maze. It marks ; the solution path and the paths it tried, but failed on. ; ; function solvemaze(x,y:integer):boolean sm_X textequ <[bp+6]> sm_Y textequ <[bp+4]> SolveMaze proc near push bp mov bp, sp ; See if we've just solved the maze: cmp byte ptr sm_X, EndX jne NotSolved cmp byte ptr sm_Y, EndY jne NotSolved mov ax, 1 ;Return true. pop bp ret 4 ; See if moving to this spot was an illegal move. There will be ; a NoWall value at this cell in the maze if the move is legal. NotSolved: mov dl, sm_X mov dh, sm_Y MazeAdrs mov bx, ax cmp Maze[bx], NoWall je MoveOK mov ax, 0 ;Return failure pop bp ret 4 ; Well, it is possible to move to this point, so place an appropriate ; value on the screen and keep searching for the solution. MoveOK: mov Maze[bx], Visited ifdef ToScreen push es ;Write a "VisitChar" ScrnAdrs ; character to the mov bx, ax ; screen at this X,Y mov ax, ScreenSeg ; position. mov es, ax mov word ptr es:[bx], VisitChar pop es endif ; Recusively call SolveMaze until we get a solution. Just call SolveMaze ; for the four possible directions (up, down, left, right) we could go. ; Since we've left "Visited" values in the Maze, we will not accidentally ; search back through the path we've already travelled. Furthermore, if ; we cannot go in one of the four directions, SolveMaze will catch this ; immediately upon entry (see the code at the start of this routine). mov ax, sm_X ;Try the path at location dec ax ; (X-1, Y) push ax push sm_Y call SolveMaze test ax, ax ;Solution? jne Solved push sm_X ;Try the path at location mov ax, sm_Y ; (X, Y-1) dec ax push ax call SolveMaze test ax, ax ;Solution? jne Solved mov ax, sm_X ;Try the path at location inc ax ; (X+1, Y) push ax push sm_Y call SolveMaze test ax, ax ;Solution? jne Solved push sm_X ;Try the path at location mov ax, sm_Y ; (X, Y+1) inc ax push ax call SolveMaze test ax, ax ;Solution? jne Solved pop bp ret 4 Solved: ifdef ToScreen ;Draw return path. push es mov dl, sm_X mov dh, sm_Y ScrnAdrs mov bx, ax mov ax, ScreenSeg mov es, ax mov word ptr es:[bx], PathChar pop es mov ax, 1 ;Return true endif pop bp ret 4 SolveMaze endp ; Here's the main program that drives the whole thing: Main proc mov ax, dseg mov ds, ax mov es, ax meminit call Init ;Initialize maze stuff. lesi MainPCB ;Initialize coroutine coinit ; package. ; Create the first demon. ; Set up the stack pointer for this guy: mov cx, 256 malloc add di, 248 mov DemonList.regsp, di mov DemonList.regss, es ; Set up the execution address for this guy: mov DemonList.regcs, cs mov DemonList.regip, offset Dig ; Initial coordinates and direction for this guy: mov cx, East ;Start off going east. mov dh, StartY mov dl, StartX mov DemonList.regcx, cx mov DemonList.regdx, dx ; Set up other misc junk: mov DemonList.regds, seg dseg sti pushf pop DemonList.regflags mov byp DemonList.NextProc, 1 ;Demon is "active". inc DemonCnt mov DemonIndex, 0 ; Set up the Timer demon: mov DemonList.regsp+(size pcb), offset EndTimerStk mov DemonList.regss+(size pcb), ss ; Set up the execution address for this guy: mov DemonList.regcs+(size pcb), cs mov DemonList.regip+(size pcb), offset TimerDemon ; Set up other misc junk: mov DemonList.regds+(size pcb), seg dseg sti pushf pop DemonList.regflags+(size pcb) mov byp DemonList.NextProc+(size pcb), 1 inc DemonCnt ; Start the ball rolling. mov ax, ds mov es, ax lea di, DemonList cocall ; Wait for the user to press a key before solving the maze: getc mov ax, StartX push ax mov ax, StartY push ax call SolveMaze ; Wait for another keystroke before quitting: getc mov ax, 3 ;Clear screen and reset video mode. int 10h Quit: ExitPgm ;DOS macro to quit program. Main endp cseg ends sseg segment para stack 'stack' ; Stack for the timer demon we create (we'll allocate the other ; stacks dynamically). TimerStk byte 256 dup (?) EndTimerStk word ? ; Main program's stack: stk byte 512 dup (?) sseg ends zzzzzzseg segment para public 'zzzzzz' LastBytes db 16 dup (?) zzzzzzseg ends end Main